undici

An HTTP/1.1 client, written from scratch for Node.js.

Undici means eleven in Italian. 1.1 -> 11 -> Eleven -> Undici. It is also a Stranger Things reference.

How to get involved

Have a question about using Undici? Open a Q&A Discussion or join our official OpenJS Slack channel.

Looking to contribute? Start by reading the contributing guide

Install

npm i undici

Benchmarks

The benchmark is a simple getting data example using a 50 TCP connections with a pipelining depth of 10 running on Node 20.10.0.

Tests	Samples	Result	Tolerance	Difference with slowest
undici - fetch	30	3704.43 req/sec	± 2.95 %	-
http - no keepalive	20	4275.30 req/sec	± 2.60 %	+ 15.41 %
node-fetch	10	4759.42 req/sec	± 0.87 %	+ 28.48 %
request	40	4803.37 req/sec	± 2.77 %	+ 29.67 %
axios	45	4951.97 req/sec	± 2.88 %	+ 33.68 %
got	10	5969.67 req/sec	± 2.64 %	+ 61.15 %
superagent	10	9471.48 req/sec	± 1.50 %	+ 155.68 %
http - keepalive	25	10327.49 req/sec	± 2.95 %	+ 178.79 %
undici - pipeline	10	15053.41 req/sec	± 1.63 %	+ 306.36 %
undici - request	10	19264.24 req/sec	± 1.74 %	+ 420.03 %
undici - stream	15	20317.29 req/sec	± 2.13 %	+ 448.46 %
undici - dispatch	10	24883.28 req/sec	± 1.54 %	+ 571.72 %

The benchmark is a simple sending data example using a 50 TCP connections with a pipelining depth of 10 running on Node 20.10.0.

Tests	Samples	Result	Tolerance	Difference with slowest
undici - fetch	20	1968.42 req/sec	± 2.63 %	-
http - no keepalive	25	2330.30 req/sec	± 2.99 %	+ 18.38 %
node-fetch	20	2485.36 req/sec	± 2.70 %	+ 26.26 %
got	15	2787.68 req/sec	± 2.56 %	+ 41.62 %
request	30	2805.10 req/sec	± 2.59 %	+ 42.50 %
axios	10	3040.45 req/sec	± 1.72 %	+ 54.46 %
superagent	20	3358.29 req/sec	± 2.51 %	+ 70.61 %
http - keepalive	20	3477.94 req/sec	± 2.51 %	+ 76.69 %
undici - pipeline	25	3812.61 req/sec	± 2.80 %	+ 93.69 %
undici - request	10	6067.00 req/sec	± 0.94 %	+ 208.22 %
undici - stream	10	6391.61 req/sec	± 1.98 %	+ 224.71 %
undici - dispatch	10	6397.00 req/sec	± 1.48 %	+ 224.98 %

Quick Start

import { request } from 'undici'

const {
  statusCode,
  headers,
  trailers,
  body
} = await request('http://localhost:3000/foo')

console.log('response received', statusCode)
console.log('headers', headers)

for await (const data of body) { console.log('data', data) }

console.log('trailers', trailers)

Body Mixins

The body mixins are the most common way to format the request/response body. Mixins include:

Note

The body returned from undici.request does not implement .formData().

Example usage:

import { request } from 'undici'

const {
  statusCode,
  headers,
  trailers,
  body
} = await request('http://localhost:3000/foo')

console.log('response received', statusCode)
console.log('headers', headers)
console.log('data', await body.json())
console.log('trailers', trailers)

Note: Once a mixin has been called then the body cannot be reused, thus calling additional mixins on .body, e.g. .body.json(); .body.text() will result in an error TypeError: unusable being thrown and returned through the Promise rejection.

Should you need to access the body in plain-text after using a mixin, the best practice is to use the .text() mixin first and then manually parse the text to the desired format.

For more information about their behavior, please reference the body mixin from the Fetch Standard.

Common API Methods

This section documents our most commonly used API methods. Additional APIs are documented in their own files within the docs folder and are accessible via the navigation list on the left side of the docs site.

`undici.request([url, options]): Promise`

Arguments:

url string | URL | UrlObject
options RequestOptions
- dispatcher Dispatcher - Default: getGlobalDispatcher
- method String - Default: PUT if options.body, otherwise GET
- maxRedirections Integer - Default: 0

Returns a promise with the result of the Dispatcher.request method.

Calls options.dispatcher.request(options).

See Dispatcher.request for more details, and request examples for examples.

`undici.stream([url, options, ]factory): Promise`

Arguments:

url string | URL | UrlObject
options StreamOptions
- dispatcher Dispatcher - Default: getGlobalDispatcher
- method String - Default: PUT if options.body, otherwise GET
- maxRedirections Integer - Default: 0
factory Dispatcher.stream.factory

Returns a promise with the result of the Dispatcher.stream method.

Calls options.dispatcher.stream(options, factory).

See Dispatcher.stream for more details.

`undici.pipeline([url, options, ]handler): Duplex`

Arguments:

url string | URL | UrlObject
options PipelineOptions
- dispatcher Dispatcher - Default: getGlobalDispatcher
- method String - Default: PUT if options.body, otherwise GET
- maxRedirections Integer - Default: 0
handler Dispatcher.pipeline.handler

Returns: stream.Duplex

Calls options.dispatch.pipeline(options, handler).

See Dispatcher.pipeline for more details.

`undici.connect([url, options]): Promise`

Starts two-way communications with the requested resource using HTTP CONNECT.

Arguments:

url string | URL | UrlObject
options ConnectOptions
- dispatcher Dispatcher - Default: getGlobalDispatcher
- maxRedirections Integer - Default: 0
callback (err: Error | null, data: ConnectData | null) => void (optional)

Returns a promise with the result of the Dispatcher.connect method.

Calls options.dispatch.connect(options).

See Dispatcher.connect for more details.

`undici.fetch(input[, init]): Promise`

Implements fetch.

Basic usage example:

import { fetch } from 'undici'


const res = await fetch('https://example.com')
const json = await res.json()
console.log(json)

You can pass an optional dispatcher to fetch as:

import { fetch, Agent } from 'undici'

const res = await fetch('https://example.com', {
  // Mocks are also supported
  dispatcher: new Agent({
    keepAliveTimeout: 10,
    keepAliveMaxTimeout: 10
  })
})
const json = await res.json()
console.log(json)

`request.body`

A body can be of the following types:

ArrayBuffer
ArrayBufferView
AsyncIterables
Blob
Iterables
String
URLSearchParams
FormData

In this implementation of fetch, request.body now accepts Async Iterables. It is not present in the Fetch Standard.

import { fetch } from 'undici'

const data = {
  async *[Symbol.asyncIterator]() {
    yield 'hello'
    yield 'world'
  },
}

await fetch('https://example.com', { body: data, method: 'POST', duplex: 'half' })

FormData besides text data and buffers can also utilize streams via Blob objects:

import { openAsBlob } from 'node:fs'

const file = await openAsBlob('./big.csv')
const body = new FormData()
body.set('file', file, 'big.csv')

await fetch('http://example.com', { method: 'POST', body })

`request.duplex`

half

In this implementation of fetch, request.duplex must be set if request.body is ReadableStream or Async Iterables, however, fetch requests are currently always full duplex. For more detail refer to the Fetch Standard..

`response.body`

Nodejs has two kinds of streams: web streams, which follow the API of the WHATWG web standard found in browsers, and an older Node-specific streams API. response.body returns a readable web stream. If you would prefer to work with a Node stream you can convert a web stream using .fromWeb().

import { fetch } from 'undici'
import { Readable } from 'node:stream'

const response = await fetch('https://example.com')
const readableWebStream = response.body
const readableNodeStream = Readable.fromWeb(readableWebStream)

Specification Compliance

This section documents parts of the Fetch Standard that Undici does not support or does not fully implement.

Garbage Collection

https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#garbage-collection

The Fetch Standard allows users to skip consuming the response body by relying on garbage collection to release connection resources. Undici does not do the same. Therefore, it is important to always either consume or cancel the response body.

Garbage collection in Node is less aggressive and deterministic (due to the lack of clear idle periods that browsers have through the rendering refresh rate) which means that leaving the release of connection resources to the garbage collector can lead to excessive connection usage, reduced performance (due to less connection re-use), and even stalls or deadlocks when running out of connections.

// Do
const headers = await fetch(url)
  .then(async res => {
    for await (const chunk of res.body) {
      // force consumption of body
    }
    return res.headers
  })

// Do not
const headers = await fetch(url)
  .then(res => res.headers)

However, if you want to get only headers, it might be better to use HEAD request method. Usage of this method will obviate the need for consumption or cancelling of the response body. See MDN - HTTP - HTTP request methods - HEAD for more details.

const headers = await fetch(url, { method: 'HEAD' })
  .then(res => res.headers)

Forbidden and Safelisted Header Names

The Fetch Standard requires implementations to exclude certain headers from requests and responses. In browser environments, some headers are forbidden so the user agent remains in full control over them. In Undici, these constraints are removed to give more control to the user.

`undici.upgrade([url, options]): Promise`

Upgrade to a different protocol. See MDN - HTTP - Protocol upgrade mechanism for more details.

Arguments:

url string | URL | UrlObject
options UpgradeOptions
- dispatcher Dispatcher - Default: getGlobalDispatcher
- maxRedirections Integer - Default: 0
callback (error: Error | null, data: UpgradeData) => void (optional)

Returns a promise with the result of the Dispatcher.upgrade method.

Calls options.dispatcher.upgrade(options).

See Dispatcher.upgrade for more details.

`undici.setGlobalDispatcher(dispatcher)`

dispatcher Dispatcher

Sets the global dispatcher used by Common API Methods.

`undici.getGlobalDispatcher()`

Gets the global dispatcher used by Common API Methods.

Returns: Dispatcher

`undici.setGlobalOrigin(origin)`

origin string | URL | undefined

Sets the global origin used in fetch.

If undefined is passed, the global origin will be reset. This will cause Response.redirect, new Request(), and fetch to throw an error when a relative path is passed.

setGlobalOrigin('http://localhost:3000')

const response = await fetch('/api/ping')

console.log(response.url) // http://localhost:3000/api/ping

`undici.getGlobalOrigin()`

Gets the global origin used in fetch.

Returns: URL

`UrlObject`

port string | number (optional)
path string (optional)
pathname string (optional)
hostname string (optional)
origin string (optional)
protocol string (optional)
search string (optional)

Specification Compliance

This section documents parts of the HTTP/1.1 specification that Undici does not support or does not fully implement.

Expect

Undici does not support the Expect request header field. The request body is always immediately sent and the 100 Continue response will be ignored.

Refs: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.1.1

Pipelining

Undici will only use pipelining if configured with a pipelining factor greater than 1.

Undici always assumes that connections are persistent and will immediately pipeline requests, without checking whether the connection is persistent. Hence, automatic fallback to HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1 without pipelining is not supported.

Undici will immediately pipeline when retrying requests after a failed connection. However, Undici will not retry the first remaining requests in the prior pipeline and instead error the corresponding callback/promise/stream.

Undici will abort all running requests in the pipeline when any of them are aborted.

Manual Redirect

Since it is not possible to manually follow an HTTP redirect on the server-side, Undici returns the actual response instead of an opaqueredirect filtered one when invoked with a manual redirect. This aligns fetch() with the other implementations in Deno and Cloudflare Workers.

Refs: https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#atomic-http-redirect-handling

Workarounds

Network address family autoselection.

If you experience problem when connecting to a remote server that is resolved by your DNS servers to a IPv6 (AAAA record) first, there are chances that your local router or ISP might have problem connecting to IPv6 networks. In that case undici will throw an error with code UND_ERR_CONNECT_TIMEOUT.

If the target server resolves to both a IPv6 and IPv4 (A records) address and you are using a compatible Node version (18.3.0 and above), you can fix the problem by providing the autoSelectFamily option (support by both undici.request and undici.Agent) which will enable the family autoselection algorithm when establishing the connection.

Collaborators

Releasers

License

MIT

Tests

Samples

Result

Tolerance

Difference with slowest

undici - fetch

3704.43 req/sec

± 2.95 %

http - no keepalive

4275.30 req/sec

± 2.60 %

+ 15.41 %

node-fetch

4759.42 req/sec

± 0.87 %

+ 28.48 %

request

4803.37 req/sec

± 2.77 %

+ 29.67 %

axios

4951.97 req/sec

± 2.88 %

+ 33.68 %

got

5969.67 req/sec

± 2.64 %

+ 61.15 %

superagent

9471.48 req/sec

± 1.50 %

+ 155.68 %

http - keepalive

10327.49 req/sec

± 2.95 %

+ 178.79 %

undici - pipeline

15053.41 req/sec

± 1.63 %

+ 306.36 %

undici - request

19264.24 req/sec

± 1.74 %

+ 420.03 %

undici - stream

20317.29 req/sec

± 2.13 %

+ 448.46 %

undici - dispatch

24883.28 req/sec

± 1.54 %

+ 571.72 %

Tests

Samples

Result

Tolerance

Difference with slowest

undici - fetch

1968.42 req/sec

± 2.63 %

http - no keepalive

2330.30 req/sec

± 2.99 %

+ 18.38 %

node-fetch

2485.36 req/sec

± 2.70 %

+ 26.26 %

got

2787.68 req/sec

± 2.56 %

+ 41.62 %

request

2805.10 req/sec

± 2.59 %

+ 42.50 %

axios

3040.45 req/sec

± 1.72 %

+ 54.46 %

superagent

3358.29 req/sec

± 2.51 %

+ 70.61 %

http - keepalive

3477.94 req/sec

± 2.51 %

+ 76.69 %

undici - pipeline

3812.61 req/sec

± 2.80 %

+ 93.69 %

undici - request

6067.00 req/sec

± 0.94 %

+ 208.22 %

undici - stream

6391.61 req/sec

± 1.98 %

+ 224.71 %

undici - dispatch

6397.00 req/sec

± 1.48 %

+ 224.98 %

import { request } from 'undici' const { statusCode, headers, trailers, body } = await request('http://localhost:3000/foo') console.log('response received', statusCode) console.log('headers', headers) for await (const data of body) { console.log('data', data) } console.log('trailers', trailers)

import { request } from 'undici' const { statusCode, headers, trailers, body } = await request('http://localhost:3000/foo') console.log('response received', statusCode) console.log('headers', headers) console.log('data', await body.json()) console.log('trailers', trailers)

import { fetch, Agent } from 'undici' const res = await fetch('https://example.com', { // Mocks are also supported dispatcher: new Agent({ keepAliveTimeout: 10, keepAliveMaxTimeout: 10 }) }) const json = await res.json() console.log(json)

import { fetch } from 'undici' const data = { async *[Symbol.asyncIterator]() { yield 'hello' yield 'world' }, } await fetch('https://example.com', { body: data, method: 'POST', duplex: 'half' })

import { openAsBlob } from 'node:fs' const file = await openAsBlob('./big.csv') const body = new FormData() body.set('file', file, 'big.csv') await fetch('http://example.com', { method: 'POST', body })

import { fetch } from 'undici' import { Readable } from 'node:stream' const response = await fetch('https://example.com') const readableWebStream = response.body const readableNodeStream = Readable.fromWeb(readableWebStream)

// Do const headers = await fetch(url) .then(async res => { for await (const chunk of res.body) { // force consumption of body } return res.headers }) // Do not const headers = await fetch(url) .then(res => res.headers)