🎮 Front-End Performance Checklist

The only Front-End Performance Checklist that runs faster than the others!

Performance is a huge subject, but it's not always a "back-end" or an "admin" topic: it's a Front-End responsibility too. The Front-End Performance Checklist is an exhaustive list of elements you should check or at least be aware of, as a Front-End developer and apply to your project (personal and professional).

One simple rule: "Design and code with performance in mind"

Other Checklists:

Tip

⭐️ I've recently launched UX Patterns for Devs and a curated list for indie developers, feel free to check it out! ⭐️

📚 Table of Contents

How to use?

For each rule, you will have a paragraph explaining why this rule is important and how you can fix it. For more deep information, you should find links that will point to 🛠 tools, 📖 articles or 📹 medias that can complete the checklist.

All items in the Front-End Performance Checklist are essentials to achieve the highest performance score but you would find an indicator to help you to eventually prioritised some rules amount others. There are 3 levels of priority:

means that the item has a low priority.
means that the item has a medium priority. You shouldn't avoid tackling that item.
means that the item has a high priority. You can't avoid following that rule and implement the corrections recommended.

Performance tools

List of the tools you can use to test or monitor your website or application:

🛠 WebPagetest - Website Performance and Optimization Test
🛠 ☆ Dareboost: Website Speed Test and Website Analysis (use the coupon WPCDD20 for -20%)
🛠 Treo: Page Speed Monitoring
🛠 GTmetrix | Website Speed and Performance Optimization
🛠 PageSpeed Insights
🛠 Web.dev
🛠 Pingdom Website Speed Test
📖 Make the Web Faster | Google Developers
🛠 Sitespeed.io - Welcome to the wonderful world of Web Performance
🛠 Calibre
🛠 Website Speed Test | Check Web Performance » Dotcom-Tools
🛠 Website and Server Uptime Monitoring - Pingdom (Free Signup Link)
🛠 Uptime Robot
🛠 SpeedCurve: Monitor front-end performance
🛠 PWMetrics - CLI tool and lib to gather performance metrics
🛠 Lighthouse - Google
🛠 Checkbot browser extension - Checks for web performance best practices
🛠 Yellow Lab Tools | Online test to help speeding up heavy web pages
🛠 Speedrank - Web Performance Monitoring
🛠 DebugBear - Monitor website performance and Lighthouse scores
🛠 Gravity CI - Check your build artifacts sizes on every pull request.
🛠 Exthouse - Analyze the impact of a browser extension on web performance
🛠 LogRocket - Measure front-end performance in production apps

References

HTML

Minified HTML: The HTML code is minified, comments, white spaces and new lines are removed from production files.

Why:

Removing all unnecessary spaces, comments and attributes will reduce the size of your HTML and speed up your site's page load times and obviously lighten the download for your user.

How:

Most of the frameworks have plugins to facilitate the minification of the webpages. You can use a bunch of NPM modules that can do the job for you automatically.
- 🛠 HTML minifier | Minify Code
- 🛠 Online HTML Compressor
- 📖 Experimenting with HTML minifier — Perfection Kills
Place CSS tags always before JavaScript tags: Ensure that your CSS is always loaded before having JavaScript code.
```

<script src="jquery.js"></script>
<script src="foo.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="foo.css" />


<link rel="stylesheet" href="foo.css" />
<script src="jquery.js"></script>
<script src="foo.js"></script>
```
Why:

Having your CSS tags before any JavaScript enables better, parallel download which speed up browser rendering time.

How:

⁃ Ensure that <link> and <style> in your <head> are always before your <script>.
Minimize the number of iframes: Use iframes only if you don't have any other technical possibility. Try to avoid iframes as much as you can.
Pre-load optimization with prefetch, dns-prefetch and prerender: Popular browsers can use directive on <link> tag and "rel" attribute with certain keywords to pre-load specific URLs.

Why:

Prefetching allows a browser to silently fetch the necessary resources needed to display content that a user might access in the near future. The browser is able to store these resources in its cache and speed up the way web pages load when they are using different domains for page resources. When a web page has finished loading and the idle time has passed, the browser begins downloading other resources. When a user go in a particular link (already prefetched), the content will be instantly served.

How:

⁃ Ensure that <link> is in your <head> section.

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CSS

Minification: All CSS files are minified, comments, white spaces and new lines are removed from production files.

Why:

When CSS files are minified, the content is loaded faster and less data is sent to the client. It's important to always minify CSS files in production. It is beneficial for the user as it is for any business who wants to lower bandwidth costs and lower resource usage.

How:

⁃ Use tools to minify your files automatically before or during your build or your deployment.
- 🛠 cssnano: A modular minifier based on the PostCSS ecosystem. - cssnano
- 🛠 CSS minifier
- 🛠 @neutrinojs/style-minify - npm
- 🛠 Online CSS Compressor
Concatenation: CSS files are concatenated in a single file (Not always valid for HTTP/2).
```

<link rel="stylesheet" href="foo.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="bar.css" />


<link rel="stylesheet" href="foobar.css" />
```
Why:

If you are still using HTTP/1, you may need to still concatenate your files, it's less true if your server use HTTP/2 (tests should be made).

How:

⁃ Use online tool or any plugin before or during your build or your deployment to concatenate your files.
⁃ Ensure, of course, that concatenation does not break your project.
- 📖 HTTP: Optimizing Application Delivery - High Performance Browser Networking (O'Reilly)
- 📖 Performance Best Practices in the HTTP/2 Era
Non-blocking: CSS files need to be non-blocking to prevent the DOM from taking time to load.
```
<link
  rel="preload"
  href="global.min.css"
  as="style"
  onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"
/>
<noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="global.min.css" /></noscript>
```
Why:

CSS files can block the page load and delay the rendering of your page. Using preload can actually load the CSS files before the browser starts showing the content of the page.

How:

⁃ You need to add the rel attribute with the preload value and add as="style" on the <link> element.
Unused CSS: Remove unused CSS selectors.

Why:

Removing unused CSS selectors can reduce the size of your files and then speed up the load of your assets.

How:

⁃ ⚠️ Always check if the framework CSS you want to use don't already has a reset / normalize code included. Sometimes you may not need everything that is inside your reset / normalize file.
- 🛠 UnCSS Online
- 🛠 PurifyCSS
- 🛠 PurgeCSS
- 🛠 Chrome DevTools Coverage
CSS Critical: The CSS critical (or "above the fold") collects all the CSS used to render the visible portion of the page. It is embedded before your principal CSS call and between <style></style> in a single line (minified if possible).

Why:

Inlining critical CSS help to speed up the rendering of the web pages reducing the number of requests to the server.

How:

Generate the CSS critical with online tools or using a plugin like the one that Addy Osmani developed.
- 📖 Understanding Critical CSS
- 🛠 Critical by Addy Osmani on GitHub automates this.
- 📖 Inlining critical CSS for better web performance | Go Make Things
  - 🛠 Critical Path CSS Generator - Prioritize above the fold content :: SiteLocity
  - 📖 Reduce the size of the above-the-fold content
Embedded or inline CSS: Avoid using embed or inline CSS inside your <body> _(Not valid for HTTP/2)

Why:

One of the first reason it's because it's a good practice to separate content from design. It also helps you have a more maintainable code and keep your site accessible. But regarding performance, it's simply because it decreases the file-size of your HTML pages and the load time.

How:

Always use external stylesheets or embed CSS in your <head> (and follow the others CSS performance rules)
Analyse stylesheets complexity: Analyzing your stylesheets can help you to flag issues, redundancies and duplicate CSS selectors.

Why:

Sometimes you may have redundancies or validation errors in your CSS, analysing your CSS files and removed these complexities can help you to speed up your CSS files (because your browser will read them faster)

How:

Your CSS should be organized, using a CSS preprocessor can help you with that. Some online tools listed below can also help you analysing and correct your code.
- 🛠 TestMyCSS | Optimize and Check CSS Performance
- 🛠 CSS Stats
- 🛠 macbre/analyze-css: CSS selectors complexity and performance analyzer
- 🛠 Project Wallace is like CSS Stats but stores stats over time so you can track your changes

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Fonts

📖 A Book Apart, Webfont Handbook
Webfont formats: You are using WOFF2 on your web project or application.

Why:

According to Google, the WOFF 2.0 Web Font compression format offers 30% average gain over WOFF 1.0. It's then good to use WOFF 2.0, WOFF 1.0 as a fallback and TTF.

How:

Check before buying your new font that the provider gives you the WOFF2 format. If you are using a free font, you can always use Font Squirrel to generate all the formats you need.
Use preconnect to load your fonts faster:
```
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin />
```
Why:

When you arrived on a website, your device needs to find out where your site lives and which server it needs to connect with. Your browser had to contact a DNS server and wait for the lookup complete before fetching the resource (fonts, CSS files...). Prefetches and preconnects allow the browser to lookup the DNS information and start establishing a TCP connection to the server hosting the font file. This provides a performance boost because by the time the browser gets around to parsing the css file with the font information and discovering it needs to request a font file from the server, it will already have pre-resolved the DNS information and have an open connection to the server ready in its connection pool.

How:

⁃ Before prefetching your webfonts, use webpagetest to evaluate your website
⁃ Look for teal colored DNS lookups and note the host that are being requested
⁃ Prefetch your webfonts in your <head> and add eventually these hostnames that you should prefetch too
Webfont size: Webfont sizes don't exceed 300kb (all variants included)
📖 Font Bytes - Page Weight
Prevent Flash or Invisible Text: Avoid transparent text until the Webfont is loaded
📖 font-display for the Masses
📖 CSS font-display: The Future of Font Rendering on the Web

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Images

📖 Image Bytes in 2018
Images optimization: Your images are optimized, compressed without direct impact to the end user.

Why:

Optimized images load faster in your browser and consume less data.

How:

⁃ Try using CSS3 effects when it's possible (instead of a small image)
⁃ When it's possible, use fonts instead of text encoded in your images
⁃ Use SVG
⁃ Use a tool and specify a level compression under 85.
Images format: Choose your image format appropriately.

Why:

To ensure that your images don't slow your website, choose the format that will correspond to your image. If it's a photo, JPEG is most of the time more appropriate than PNG or GIF. But don't forget to look a the nex-gen formats which can reduce the size of your files. Each image format has pros and cons, it's important to know these to make the best choice possible.

How:

⁃ Use Lighthouse to identify which images can eventually use next-gen formats (like JPEG 2000m JPEG XR or WebP)
⁃ Compare different formats, sometimes using PNG8 is better than PNG16, sometimes it's not.
Use vector image vs raster/bitmap: Prefer using vector image rather than bitmap images (when possible).

Why:

Vector images (SVG) tend to be smaller than images and SVG's are responsive and scale perfectly. These images can be animated and modified by CSS.
Images dimensions: Set width and height attributes on <img> if the final rendered image size is known.

Why:

If height and width are set, the space required for the image is reserved when the page is loaded. However, without these attributes, the browser does not know the size of the image, and cannot reserve the appropriate space to it. The effect will be that the page layout will change during loading (while the images load).
Avoid using Base64 images: You could eventually convert tiny images to base64 but it's actually not the best practice.
Lazy loading: Offscreen images are loaded lazily (A noscript fallback is always provided).

Why:

It will improve the response time of the current page and then avoid loading unnecessary images that the user may not need.

How:

⁃ Use Lighthouse to identify how many images are offscreen.
⁃ Use a JavaScript plugin like the following to lazyload your images. Make sure you target offscreen images only.
⁃ Also make sure to lazyload alternative images shown at mouseover or upon other user actions.
Responsive images: Ensure to serve images that are close to your display size.

Why:

Small devices don't need images bigger than their viewport. It's recommended to have multiple versions of one image on different sizes.

How:

⁃ Create different image sizes for the devices you want to target.
⁃ Use srcset and picture to deliver multiple variants of each image.
- 📖 Responsive images - Learn web development | MDN

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JavaScript

JS Minification: All JavaScript files are minified, comments, white spaces and new lines are removed from production files (still valid if using HTTP/2).

Why:

Removing all unnecessary spaces, comments and break will reduce the size of your JavaScript files and speed up your site's page load times and obviously lighten the download for your user.

How:

⁃ Use the tools suggested below to minify your files automatically before or during your build or your deployment.
- 🛠 uglify-js - npm
- 🛠 Online JavaScript Compressor
No JavaScript inside: (Only valid for website) Avoid having multiple JavaScript codes embedded in the middle of your body. Regroup your JavaScript code inside external files or eventually in the <head> or at the end of your page (before </body>).

Why:

Placing JavaScript embedded code directly in your <body> can slow down your page because it loads while the DOM is being built. The best option is to use external files with async or defer to avoid blocking the DOM. Another option is to place some scripts inside your <head>. Most of the time analytics code or small script that need to load before the DOM gets to main processing.

How:

Ensure that all your files are loaded using async or defer and decide wisely the code that you will need to inject in your <head>.
- 📖 11 Tips to Optimize JavaScript and Improve Website Loading Speeds
Non-blocking JavaScript: JavaScript files are loaded asynchronously using async or deferred using defer attribute.
```

<script defer src="foo.js"></script>


<script async src="foo.js"></script>
```
Why:

JavaScript blocks the normal parsing of the HTML document, so when the parser reaches a <script> tag (particularly is inside the <head>), it stops to fetch and run it. Adding async or defer are highly recommended if your scripts are placed in the top of your page but less valuable if just before your </body> tag. But it's a good practice to always use these attributes to avoid any performance issue.

How:

⁃ Add async (if the script don't rely on other scripts) or defer (if the script relies upon or relied upon by an async script) as an attribute to your script tag.
⁃ If you have small scripts, maybe use inline script place above async scripts.
- 📖 Remove Render-Blocking JavaScript
Optimized and updated JS libraries: All JavaScript libraries used in your project are necessary (prefer Vanilla JavaScript for simple functionalities), updated to their latest version and don't overwhelm your JavaScript with unnecessary methods.

Why:

Most of the time, new versions come with optimization and security fix. You should use the most optimized code to speed up your project and ensure that you'll not slow down your website or app without outdated plugin.

How:

If your project use NPM packages, npm-check is a pretty interesting library to upgrade / update your libraries. Greenkeeper can automatically look for your dependencies and suggest an update every time a new version is out.
- 📖 You may not need jQuery
- 📖 Vanilla JavaScript for building powerful web applications
Check dependencies size limit: Ensure to use wisely external libraries, most of the time, you can use a lighter library for a same functionality.

Why:

You may be tempted to use one of the 745 000 packages you can find on npm, but you need to choose the best package for your needs. For example, MomentJS is an awesome library but with a lot of methods you may never use, that's why Day.js was created. It's just 2kB vs 16.4kB gz for Moment.

How:

Always compare and choose the best and lighter library for your needs. You can also use tools like npm trends to compare NPM package downloads counts or Bundlephobia to know the size of your dependencies.
JavaScript Profiling: Check for performance problems in your JavaScript files (and CSS too).

Why:

JavaScript complexity can slow down runtime performance. Identifying these possible issues are essential to offer the smoothest user experience.

How:

Use the Timeline tool in the Chrome Developer Tool to evaluate scripts events and found the one that may take too much time.
Use of Service Workers: You are using Service Workers in your PWA to cache data or execute possible heavy tasks without impacting the user experience of your application.